Abstract: New R&D institutions, as the testing ground for China's science and technology system reform, have become an important regional innovation force in the bustling construction at the local level. However, the core question of where exactly the 'newness' of these institutions lies remains to be further studied. Grounded in the national innovation system and from the perspective of institutional economics, the article conducts theoretical analysis on new R&D institutions using the concept of transaction costs, and summarizes the institutional models of these institutions in practice through multiple case studies. The research indicates that new R&D institutions innovate through institutional integration, reducing the institutional transaction costs of innovation activities, and increasing the incentive levels for science and technology personnel, thus supporting integrated functional innovation with common technology services and technology transfer incubation as its core. Based on the classification of institutional models, new R&D institutions in local practices exhibit four types: basic research type, technology service type, technology incubation type, and product development type, among which basic research type and product development type institutions deviate significantly from the standard model. This research provides important reference for clarifying the conceptual positioning and functional boundaries of new R&D institutions, and offers important experiential insights for the optimization management of future new R&D institutions.

摘要： 新型研发机构作为我国科技体制改革的试验田，在地方如火如荼的建设中已成为区域创新的重要力量。然而，关于新型研发机构到底“新”在何处这一核心问题仍待深入研究。文章立足国家创新体系，从制度经济学视角出发，运用交易成本的概念工具对新型研发机构展开理论分析，并结合多案例研究方法总结新型研发机构在实践中的制度模式。研究表明，新型研发机构以融合性制度创新，降低创新活动的交易成本，并提高对科创人员的激励水平，支撑其以共性技术服务和技术转化孵化为核心的集成式功能创新。基于制度模式的分类表明，新型研发机构在地方实践中呈现出四种类型：基础研究型、技术服务型、技术孵化型以及产品研发型，其中基础研究型与产品研发型属于严重异化而偏离标准模式的机构。该研究为厘清新型研发机构的概念定位与功能边界提供重要参考，同时对未来新型研发机构的优化管理提出重要经验启示。