Abstract: Quantum computing, based on the fundamental principles of quantum superposition, entanglement, interference, and quantum supremacy, features characteristics such as computational power leaps, uncertainty and probabilistic nature, and reversible computation. It demonstrates enormous potential in fields like cryptography breaking, large-scale data analysis, military simulation, and critical infrastructure protection. Starting from the basic principles and technical attributes of quantum computing, this paper systematically analyzes its multidimensional impacts on information security, national security, and market order: on one hand, the capability of large number factorization and quantum search algorithms threatens existing encryption systems and data privacy, potentially leading to retrospective privacy breaches and critical facility paralysis; on the other hand, the quantum computing power race and its dual-use nature trigger dual risks of international competition and arms control dysfunction, while also creating potential crises of market monopoly and unbalanced fair competition. In response, a comprehensive governance framework can be constructed from three levels: legislative regulation, regulatory innovation, and international coordination. This includes revising existing security legislation and establishing specialized quantum technology laws to form hierarchical security control benchmarks; combining risk assessment, quantum technology review, and multi-level collaborative regulatory mechanisms to refine market entry, in-process supervision, and emergency response procedures; and advocating unified standards and multilateral cooperation at the international level to prevent quantum hegemony and computing power monopoly. Meanwhile, the development of quantum ethics norms and talent cultivation systems should be promoted to balance technological innovation with social responsibility, thereby laying a solid legal foundation for the healthy and sustainable development of quantum computing while safeguarding national security and public interests.

摘要： 量子计算以量子叠加、纠缠与干涉、量子优越性为基本原理，兼具计算能力跃迁、不确定性和概率性、可逆计算等特征。其在密码破译、大规模数据分析、军事模拟与关键基础设施防护等领域产生巨大潜能。从量子计算的基本原理与技术特质出发，应系统剖析其对信息安全、国家安全与市场秩序的多维影响：一方面，大数分解能力与量子搜索算法威胁既有加密体系与数据隐私，可能引发追溯性隐私泄露与关键设施瘫痪；另一方面，量子算力竞赛与军民两用属性掀起国际竞争与军控失范的双重风险，也催生市场垄断与公平竞争失衡的潜在危机。对此，可从立法规制、监管创新与国际协同三大层面构建综合治理框架：通过修订现有安全立法与制定量子技术专门法，形成分级分类的安全管控基准；结合风险评估、量子技术审查与多层次协同监管机制，细化准入、事中监管与应急处置环节；并在国际层面倡导统一标准与多边合作，防范量子霸权和算力垄断。与此同时，应推进量子伦理规范与人才培养制度建设，兼顾技术创新与社会责任，以期在保障国家安全与公共利益的同时，为量子计算的健康可持续发展奠定坚实的法治根基。