The market analogy of scientific development can be divided into equilibrium and evolution mode. The equilibrium mode holds that scientists’ choice behavior about theory, empirical facts and so on appears a state of equilibrium. However, it can not explain the evolution phenomenon in science, as well as the connection mechanism between individual behavior and community outcome. The evolution mode holds that science is an unpredictable process of creating knowledge. The invisible hand explanation can be divided into evolutionism and institutionalism. However, the evolution mode meets some problems about different social function and operation patterns in science and market. These two modes reflect some characteristics of market analogy which include modeling and clarity, scalability and openness, diversity and hybridity, the possibility in the real world. But they still face issues about heterogeneity between scientific knowledge and market information, idealization and normativity.
Non-commercial university-industry interactions are important ways of academic research achievements of university to serve the society. This paper analyzes the cross-level influence of departmental academic quality on industry engagement behavior of university scholars, by introducing engagement motives of scholars as a mediator. The cross-level analysis of 562 samples shows that: (1) in natural science disciplines, departmental academic quality and the two dimensions of engagement motive are significant positively related to industry engagement, engagement motives have a partially mediating effect on the relationship between departmental academic quality and industry engagement; (2) in humanities and social science disciplines, departmental academic quality only significantly influences research-related motive and has inverted U-shaped relationships with research-related motive and industry engagement: departmental academic quality is positively related to research-related motive and industry engagement in low-quality department while negatively in high-quality department; research-related motive has a partially mediating effect on the relationship between departmental academic quality and industry engagement both in low-quality department and high-quality department. Conclusions of this paper make sense for the improvement of efficiency of university knowledge diffusion.
China has issued many industrial policies to promote the development of hi-tech industry, but the effectiveness of policies implementation is to be seen out, so it’s the key of the further development to evaluate and improve the performance of industial policies. Based on the DEA-Malmquist model，we could calculate the performance of regional hi-tech industrial policies from 1996 to 2013,and established panel regression and quantile regression model to study the influencing factors of the performance of hi-tech industrial policies. As the empirical results show, in the case of hi-tech industry, overall trend of the performance can be divided into different periods; the marketization weaken the performance of industrial policies, when the enterprise benefits and the development of hi-tech Industry improve the performance of industrial policies; When the performance of industrial policies is at lower level, we should make effort to promote the development of total industry for better performance ; Otherwise, we should put more emphasis on the Hi-tech enterprise benefits and the executiveness of policies ., China has issued many industrial policies to promote the development of hi-tech industry, but the effectiveness of policies implementation is to be seen out, so it’s the key of the further development to evaluate and improve the performance of industial policies. Based on the DEA-Malmquist model，we could calculate the performance of regional hi-tech industrial policies from 1996 to 2013,and established panel regression and quantile regression model to study the influencing factors of the performance of hi-tech industrial policies. As the empirical results show, in the case of hi-tech industry, overall trend of the performance can be divided into different periods; the marketization weaken the performance of industrial policies, when the enterprise benefits and the development of hi-tech Industry improve the performance of industrial policies; When the performance of industrial policies is at lower level, we should make effort to promote the development of total industry for better performance ; Otherwise, we should put more emphasis on the Hi-tech enterprise benefits and the executiveness of policies .
Using panel data of 30 countries during 1998-2012, this paper empirically studies the effect of basic research on technological progress. The results prove that basic research has a positive effect on technological progress on the whole. Based on the perspective of technological gap and labor skill structure, the further results show that with the technological gap narrowing and the skilled labor ratio increasing, basic research will promote technological progress better. In terms of different forms of technological progress, basic research advances not only the growth rate of TFP, but also the labor productivity and technological innovation. In addition, in countries with higher income and more strict intellectual property protection, basic research plays a more obvious positive role in promoting technological progress.
Technological progress is an important factor for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emission, and the driving force for promoting China's industrial green low-carbon transformation. Based on the consideration of energy consumption and emission factors, we deduce the theoretical mechanism of technological progress to promote energy saving and emission reduction through mathematical equations, and use the non-parameter SML model to calculate and decompose the technological progress of green growth in China's 35 industries from 1994 to 2014. According to the high energy consumption and emission group, we use the panel model to make regression on energy consumption intensity and CO2 emissions intensity respectively, and explores the performance of different types of technological progress to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission reduction. The results show that the technological innovation is the main driving force to promote the industry's green total factor productivity in China. The energy-saving and consumption-reducing performance of cutting-edge technology innovation is the highest. The pure technology efficiency of CO2 emission reduction is the highest. Technological progress to promote energy saving and CO2 emission reduction effect there is asymmetry, technology Progress of CO2 emission reduction performance is greater than energy saving. Energy consumption structure adjustment of CO2 emission reduction performance is greater than energy saving, explained the existence of "high energy consumption and low emission industry , high emission and low energy industry" mystery.
It is a general consensus that patent pools made up of complementary patents can overcome patent thicket problem and improve economic efficiency in vertical industrial chain. This argument is based on the Cournot posted prices model. In this paper, we build a more realistic two stage bargaining game model about patent licensing and draw a conclusion that there is a weak dominant strategy equilibrium whatever the downstream market is complete competitive or oligopolic.The joint profit is maximized in the chain and output is equal with the bundled output of patent pool, the total licensing price is less than that of patent pool. This implies that the Cournot effect resulting from Cournot complements problem is no longer valid, a patent pool is not necessary to overcome so-called problems such as patent thicket, royalty stacking, patent holdup, anticommons tragedy in the licensing deals about complementary patents.
This paper presents a TFP growth model with R&D investment scale and R&D resource allocation，and investigates the spatial correlation of regional TFP growth and R&D activities, and further focuses on the effect of R&D resources allocation efficiency and R&D expenditure structure on the TFP growth based on the Chinese provincial panel data during 1998-2014. The study finds that:(1) China’s TFP growth and R&D activities presents an obvious spatial spillover effect and “club” agglomeration; (2) R&D input scale has a significant negative effect on regional TFP growth; (3) the efficiency of R&D resource allocation within the region is low; compared to enterprises and universities, the increase of R&D share of scientific research institutions have more positive effect on regional TFP growth;(4) the regional mobility of R&D capital and R&D labors can promote the increase of regional TFP growth obviously, and the regional mobility of R&D labors have a stronger effect. Whether we use a current model and the lag model, the results as described above are stable. The conclusions of this paper have important policy on promoting regional TFP in China through adjusting R&D expenditure and optimization of R&D resource allocation.
In this paper, based on the theory of innovation chain, we propose a method to identify potential industry-university-research institutions cooperation partners, combining with the theory of enterprise competence. Firstly, we put forward the theoretical assumptions of potential cooperation partner recognition, according to discrepant competence among institutions in innovation Chain. Secondly, using multi-source data and qualitative and quantitative analysis, we do research on the multiple mode of enterprise-university-research institute cooperation and layout features of competence in innovation Chain. Then, according to the principle of competence complementarity and the previous hypothesis，we try to identify potential cooperation object. Finally, we verify the feasibility of the method by an empirical analysis in the field of gene engineering vaccine. The results show that: through the analysis of discrepant competence among institutions in innovation chain, we can effectively identify the potential cooperation objects.
The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance is a frequently discussed issue in the field of corporate entrepreneurship. This study introduces two distinctive innovation modes, corporate-level non-technological competitive strategy innovation and product-level original technological innovation, into the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. We also differentiate firm performance into financial performance and innovative performance. An integrated model among entrepreneurial orientation, innovative mode, and firm performance is built and empirically tested using 303 paired Chinese survey questionnaires. Results indicate that: entrepreneurial orientation contributes to competitive strategy innovation and original product innovation, but with a stronger impact on the latter; competitive strategy innovation is beneficial to financial and innovative performance, but with a stronger influence on the former; original product innovation positively affects innovative performance but cannot significantly influence financial performance; competitive strategy innovation is a partial mediator between entrepreneurial orientation and financial performance, and original product innovation partially mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and innovative performance.
The entrepreneurship of the technology-based small and micro enterprise (TBSME) refers to the process where the entrepreneur effectively integrates the entrepreneurial resources inside and outside the enterprise, and then promotes the business model innovation and wins the market competitive advantage, and ultimately achieving the sustainable growth. From a perspective of RBV, the paper empirically examines the relationships among resource integration competence, business model innovation and entrepreneurial performance through the data investigation. The paper finally draws the corresponding conclusions: (1) resource integration competence takes the positive effect on entrepreneurial performance of TBSME; (2)resource integration competence entrepreneurial orientation takes the positive effect on efficiency-based and novelty-based business model innovation; (3) efficiency-based and novelty-based business model innovation have the mediating effect between resource integration competence and entrepreneurial performance.
This paper contributed to identifying two types of university-industry cooperation in which enterprises partnered with universities or research institutions of lower and higher technological potency. Empirically, the heterogeneous effects of technological potential difference on an enterprise`s technological capacity growth based on that two cooperative statuses were fully studied and further explored from the perspectives of long run and short run through mix model and individual effect model of regression with pharmaceutical university-industry invention patents during 1995-2012 in Derwent database. Results showed that enterprises` growth of technological capacity in short term significantly outweighed that in the long term. Further, as to an enterprise innovating with higher-potency universities or research institutes, the technological potential difference promoted corresponding technological growth of enterprise especially in the short term with statistical significance. Comparatively, consortia with lower-potency academic partners enabled bidirectional knowledge flows, but existence of the potential difference significantly inhibited enterprises from growing their technological capacities in the long term.
New Science and Technology revolution hastens the evolution of innovation model and the demanding to new innovation theory and framework. Innovation Community is the best answer to this demanding. Based on the concept of Innovation Community, the paper brings up six basic component elements: common goals, innovation resources, joined members, network structure, operational mechanism and formation basis, and analyze the characteristics, the cause, and the meaning in theory and reality of Innovation Community. Integrating with case analysis, the paper summarizes the operational model of Innovation Community and proposes the inspiration for the construction of Innovation Community in China.
The Technological Innovation United Actors (TIUA) is a new type technological innovation actor that is established jointly with a legal person pattern by enterprise, university, research institution, intermediary organization , government and aims at conforming innovation resources to supply industrial generic technology and technology innovation service. The appearance and development of TIUA play an important role in overcoming the market, organization and system failure. Based on the cases of TIUA both in China and foreign countries, The article summary the types of TIUA and study the features and advantages compared with other types of technological innovation actor in the aspect of organizational location, organizational objectives, organizing mode and organizational function.
Previous studies have paid a lot of attention to the relationship between government subsidies and corporate innovation. Most studies explored this relationship from the resource view, but only few studies looked into it from the signaling theory. Using the samples of enterprises in strategic emerging industries, this paper sets out to discuss the relationship from the two perspectives. We find that, in strategic emerging industries, government subsidies not only act as resources, which can promote corporate innovation input. It can also release the signals that the enterprises are in fast and healthy development, which can help enterprises obtain support and innovation related resources from the stakeholders, and ultimately promote corporate innovation output. To sum up, this paper helps us to better understanding the functions of government subsidies in strategic emerging industries, which has important theoretical and practical contribution.
To explain the mechanism of network embedding on the business model innovation of technological entrepreneurship, based on the network embedding theory and the new institutionalism theory, we use the organizational legitimacy as the mediating variable and construct the conceptual model of the impact of network embedding on the business model innovation of technological entrepreneurship. According to the survey data of 409 enterprises, we use the structural equation model to make empirical test. The results show that: 1) structural embedding and relation embedding have significant effect on the business model innovation of technological entrepreneurship. Among them, the effect of relational embedding to the business model innovation of technological entrepreneurship is more remarkable; 2) Organizational legitimacy plays partial mediating role in the relationship of the business model innovation between the structural embedding and relational embedding. Promoting the organizational legitimacy can help technological entrepreneurship accelerate the business model innovation by the network embedding.
The incubated startups face high risks and high failure ratios when implementing entrepreneurial orientation and innovative drive strategies, as well as high heterogeneity in the growth incubation process, which has aroused widespread concerns among domestic and foreign scholars and in-depth explorations on this issue. On the basis of theories of organizational strategy and innovation value chain, this paper establishes the “Entrepreneurial orientation --- Innovative drive --- Enterprise performance and capability”structural equation. For the first time, it tries to interpreting the realization processof innovative drive by introducing the innovation value chain evolvement, and proposes the constitution of enterprise performance and capability. The empirical analysis based on the 256 valid samples of incubated startups in Tianjin City of China shows that the entrepreneurial orientation and the innovative drive respectively affects the enterprise performance and capability positively and significantly, and the entrepreneurial orientation affects the innovative drive positively and significantly. The results also indicate that the innovative drive has a partial mediating effect on the path of entrepreneurial orientation affecting enterprise performance and capability, and the external environment positively adjusts the mediating effect of the innovative drive.
Disscuss the factors and mechanism of open service innovation risk in platform enterprises through case analysis and grounded theory. The study founds that 9 main categories, 3 core risk category, as well as 2 risk consequences, constitute the risk mechanism of open service innovation in platform enterprises. The empirical study shows that business environmental risk, strategic risk and management risk have a great impact on platform innovation activities.These risk factors may result in customer churn and bussiness performance decline significantly.Business environment risk is the external risk platform facing,which has a obviously positive correlation with the strategic risk and risk management of platfrom.At the same time,strategic risk will increase the likelihood of management risk. The three risks are proportional to customer churn and inversely linked to the bussiness performance of platform enterprises.This paper extends the traditional management element model, reveals the risk interaction mechanism of innovation process in the Internet platform enterprise.
