Abstract: For a long time, there was a lack of systematic theoretical framework and methodology in the study of science policy. The U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy had actively advocated for the Science of Science Policy from 2005. Under the participation and endeavor of the U.S. Federal government and the academic community, the Science of Science Policy: A Handbook was published in May 2010. In this paper, we present the construction process and main content of Science of Science Policy， and analysis what could be learned from this construction of the Science of Science Policy, and finally put forward some suggestions to promote the scientific decision-making of science policy in China.
In order to break the binary opposition of positivism and constructivism in science of science, Bourdieu proposed to render the primitive outlook of scientific fields by the reflection of the logic of practice instead of "pedantic" theoretical logic. On this basis, he proposed a series of inspired concept such as scientific field, scientific habits, scientific capital and scientific practice to former the theory of practice of scientific field. The scientific sociology towards practice advocates showing of the characteristic relative autonomy of the scientific field by the use of the relationalism methodology and the constructive structuralism epistemology and enhancing the degree of autonomy of science by the use of the ideological weapon of scientific reflexivity.
The 12th 5-year plan of national economy and the 12th 5-year plan of science and technology both suggest fostering and developing strategic new sectors. Strategic new sectors are generally high-technology sector, so it is theoretically important for strategic new sectors’ being fostered and developed to analyze the formation process of high-technology sector. This article analyzes the formation process of high-technology from four aspects, namely, stage dividing, technology characteristic, investment risk, and value accumulation. We also inquire into the specific implication of each aspect analysis immediately after it is completed.
In the constructing of Soviet Union’s Scientific and Technological innovation system, the culture of transplantation played an important role in the emerging of Science. In the late Soviet Union, the culture of transplantation was also a key factor that resulted in the failure of science-innovation system. In general, the culture of transplantation weakened the capability of innovation in Soviet Union; on the other hand, the resistance of transplantation deteriorated the gap between Soviet Union and the world in science area.
“Valley of Death” refers to the huge gap between invention and innovation. The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has contributed Internet, Stealth Airplanes, GPS, etc. to the world since it managed to bridge the gap again and again within its more than 50-year history. In light of industry development, bridging the gap needs physical capital, intellectual capital, and social capital, and spans the critical steps like technology fostering and technology transfer. DARPA bridges the “Valley of Death” by taking advantages of its unique political position, abundant capital, and far-sighted strategic thoughts, relying on coordination among the excellent program managers, office managers, and Director, and the total “DARPA Community” fostered by DARPA over years. In recent years, DARPA has adopted a series of new measures like “crowd-sourcing” to shorten the spanning time. In the end, the paper summarizes the keys to DARPA's success.
It is very important to identify the critical literature and extract the researches mainstream clues in specific subject areas with main path analysis. In this paper, the practices needs to identify the critical literature and extract the researches mainstream clues are discussed in science history researches and scientific structure reveals. Then the background, definition, and algorithm of main path analysis are analyzed in-depth, its practical application and integration with other network analysis methods are presented to show the evolutionary development, and the main problems in theory researches and practices are summarized.
Since its enforcement in 1985, Patent Law in China has gone through 3 reforms. The reform in 2000 was in preparation for China’s entry into WTO and it enhances patent protection. Pharmaceutical industry is supposed to be sensitive to this change because it is driven by technology innovation. Based on Chinese patent data from 1995 to 2005 and the definition of technology scope and technology size, this paper examines the effects of patent regime reform in 2000 on the technology strategies of foreign pharmaceutical firms in China. Our study reveals that this patent regime reform decreases the technology scope and increases the technology size of firms in China, however, this reform seems to have no influence on the technology strategies of foreign pharmaceutical firms in China.
Base on the export data of 12 categories products in provincial-level, this paper estimated 28 provinces’ catch-up index of export sophistication of labor and capital intensive industries. Then take advantage of threshold estimation to analysis the effects of catch-up to the economic growth. The preliminary conclusions included :(1) the effects of catch-up to the economic growth is non-linear.(2)Catch-up is not destined to enhance economic growth, the labor intensive industries have an convergence in the effects of catch-up to economic growth. (3) The catch-up intensity of capital intensive industries in Eastern China and labor intensive industries in Eastern and Central China should be strengthened, but the catch-up degree of capital intensive industries in Central and Western China should be moderate.
In this paper, regional per capita CO2 emissions decomposition approach using Theil entropy and Kaya factors decomposition technology is introduced for estimating the interpersonal equality of CO2 emission. The results show that the inequality of per capita CO2 emissions obtained economic equality factor and industrial structure and energy intensity equality factors. Further study showed that there is a big regional difference in carbon emissions interpersonal equality, and it presented a growing trend. Among them, the Eastern economic equality index is relatively large for the development needs of carbon emissions, and Central and Western regions industrial structure and energy intensity equality indexes are relatively small, due to their constraints on carbon reduction capacity. Finally, the paper gives some policy suggestions that China's future carbon emission reduction lies in the development and promotion of symbiotic energy technologies, and the establishment of regional energy technology sharing mechanism and the diffusion mechanism. In addition, the paper indicate that achievements of emissions reduction goals in 2020 and equitable sharing of responsibility, should be considered the various provinces' historical responsibilities and their current development stages and future development needs.
In the background of developing low carbon economy all around the global,our country has also made a national call to save energy and reduce emission , optimize the industry structure, and take a new-style industrialized way, therefore, the scientific judgment of decoupling relationship between the industry economy growth and carbon dioxide has important theoretical value and practical significance.Tapio Decoupling Index is used in this paper to build a theory model on analyse decoupling relationship between sector development and carbon dioxide,then do positivist research on 28 manufacture sectors by using the data between the years 1999-2003 and 2003-2008.The conclusion is that,in the last decade ,the decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth is in the state of weak decoupling for most of the manufacture sectors,and the decoupling level has been enhanced,the energy saving elastic index shows that these results mainly because of the improvement of the energy using efficiency in our country,however,the task of reducing the carbon emission is also very difficult,it requires the enterprises, our government and the society to make a joint effort.
In recent years, severe disasters occurred frequently, which prompts people to pay more attention to the losses of industrial economy system caused by disasters. Previous studies were mostly limited to assessing the direct losses of a particular industry or a region caused by disasters so that there are less studies on comprehensive losses of disaster damage (including indirect losses). Based on Wassily Leontief’s technical coefficients matrix, this paper takes full account of the intrinsic relevance between the various subsystems in the industrial economy system and expands the thoughts of Haimes and Santos from the point of decreased industry output due to disasters, finally it proposed static and dynamic input-output integrated assessment models. Take the case of the meteorological disasters in china in 2008 to validate this model as followings. First, calculate the final output losses of all industries and overall industrial economy system in the static and danymic cases. Second, sift and select those industries which are more sensitive to disasters. Finally, the policy revelations were given. Such as constructe the new donation mechanism and rely on the technology progress to reduce the comprehensive loss of disaster.
The appearance of the Holistic Knowledge Theory injects new elements for today’s management ideas, but this new theory and its applications are the fields which have not been fully studied. According to perceptual knowledge, conceptual knowledge and affectual knowledge put forward by Professor Yang, this article designs the whole balanced operation and management mode of “Ternary” Knowledge. In the field of management is the first to analyze the applications of this mode in Human Resource Management, Knowledge Management and Strategic Management, from a new perspective this paper is trying to uncover and fill the research gap of the whole operation and management of “Ternary” Knowledge in the field of management.
Knowledge succession is the key link to keep scientific innovation for research team in university. However, knowledge succession model research is lacking and insufficient development in view of scientific research team in university. Based on grounded theory, this study constructs a model which is made of 14 categories and 4 main categories of knowledge succession factors and path. It is found that the key factors include subject, context, process and efficiency of succession. Willingness and context are the knowledge succession behavior of intrinsic and extrinsic mental perception, which are different in contributing mechanism. Process and efficiency are the guarantee and evaluation mechanism of knowledge succession. The path of knowledge succession includes exploration, interaction and feedback mechanisms, which may be made interruption in each link of the succession process. The conclusion of the study contributes to avoid obstacles of knowledge succession for the scientific research team in university, providing ideas to improve the succession efficiency.
The discussion of organizational innovation from the view of knowledge flow is increasingly concerned by academia. But researches about how knowledge inflow especially knowledge outflow influence enterprises’ management innovation are extremely lacking. Based on the theoretical research, we build a theoretical model about the relationship among knowledge outflow, external environment and management innovation, and then examine the control function of R&D investment and geographic concentration to the model. Through taking the questionnaire survey data of 458 enterprises which apply for high-tech and private-tech enterprises in Guangdong Province for empirical test, we find that knowledge outflow has a completely intermediary effect on the relationship between external environment and management innovation, and the relationship among the three variables are constrained by the degree of R&D investment and geographic concentration. Namely, to enterprises which have a high-level R&D investment, knowledge outflow plays an incompletely intermediary role between external environment and management innovation. And to a high-level geographical contraction enterprise, external environment doesn’t have a direct influence on knowledge outflow. These results suggest enterprises should be good at finding a geographical environment which is suitable for their own developments. The research has some academic contributions on improving the theory of knowledge and innovation management.
From the technology correlativity between spinoff and incumbent, knowledge employee entry in the high-tech industry can be divided into substitutional and complementary entry. This paper analyzed different kinds of entries’ effects on incumbent’s R&D incentive, and applied an IV approach to examine a panel data (2003-2008) in high-tech industries of China. The results show that, if knowledge staffs found new ventures through technological duplication and are substitutes for incumbent, entry by spinoff will reduce the incumbent’s R&D incentive; only if spinoff and incumbent are complementary in technology, the incumbent’s R&D incentive will improve. Currently, substitutional knowledgeable employee entry into high-tech industries in China really suppresses incumbent’s R&D incentive, and goes against the improvement of whole industry’s technology innovation and dynamic efficiency. So governments should not merely encourage the knowledge staff's entrepreneurial behavior, but need to take effective measures to guide and regulate entry by spinoff.
As a contractor in the process of R&D outsourcing, the agent will disclose the new R&D path to the third party if the new path emerges. In order to prevent the possible behavior of the agent, the principal will allocate the optimal control rights to himself at the beginning of R&D outsourcing. The more the control rights are, the possible disclosing behavior will be more effectively prevented and the more benefits the principle will have, however, the more the control rights are, the more costs that the principal bear will be. As a result, the optimal control rights will be allocated based on the benefits and the costs. In the process of allocating control rights, the optimal control rights that the principal retains will become more as the contracts become more incomplete. Furthermore, different from the theoretical results of Lerner & Malmendier(2010), that the principal allocates optimal control rights will dominate that the principal does not allocate any control right. Empirical evidences do support these results.
Does top manager cognition affect the corporate innovation investment? The research sample being applied in this article is based on the listed manufacturing companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share stock market in China. In this study the relationship between top manager cognition and innovation investment is investigated empirically, the degree of cognition relates to innovation is measured by the content analysis method and managerial discretion is also included in our discussion as the moderating variable. Research results indicate that the enhancement of top manager cognition relates to innovation will bring the increase of corporate innovation investment, besides, when CEO has higher discretion, managerial cognition will have a more apparent effect on the corporate strategy, this finding is concluded by using firm age and ownership as two proxy variables of managerial discretion. Implications to theory and practice are also discussed.
To establish the quantitative criteria of intellectual property policy through comprehensive survey of intellectual property policy content. and to quantify intellectual property policies from three aspects of policy efforts, policy objectives and policy measures, then establish econometric models to analyze the influences of intellectual property policies on technological innovation performance. This paper introduces quantitative research method to research field of policies. The results show that policy efforts promote the rate of new product sales significantly, but limit patents granted; right definition promotes technological innovation performance significantly, but infringement punishment limits technological innovation performance markedly; the leading policy measure is administrative measure, and its impact is very small, while the finance and taxation measure that can really impact innovation performance directly do not get enough attention.
Introduced the concept of collaboration degree of openness, this paper proposed the measurement of openness degree of regional science-industry collaboration; chosen Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong as the sample regions, we calculated their openness indices and analyzed their evolution periodically, based on which the open collaborative pattern of sample regions in different developing stage were drawn, and their impact on the innovative output were testified. Results show that: (1) the openness degree of sample regions presented remarkable stage characteristics, and their R&D collaboration patterns differed greatly; (2) both the openness degree and the typical collaborative patterns affected the regional innovation output of sample regions.
Tech innovation has important meaning on the growth of high-tech and non-high-tech SMEs, based on 437 Chinese listed SMEs, this paper initial build tech-innovation model to these two types of enterprise respectively, and analyze impact of their tech-innovation on growth. Result shows that greater R&D intensity, better enterprise tech-innovation environment, more patent number and greater human resource input, the better of SMEs tech-innovation ability; for high-tech SMEs, relationship between tech-innovation and growth is linear, while for non-high-tech SMEs, the relevance is not obvious, for this situation, combining practical condition, this paper provide advice for SMEs development.
