Abstract: Quantum computing, based on the fundamental principles of quantum superposition, entanglement, interference, and quantum supremacy, features characteristics such as computational power leaps, uncertainty and probabilistic nature, and reversible computation. It demonstrates enormous potential in fields like cryptography breaking, large-scale data analysis, military simulation, and critical infrastructure protection. Starting from the basic principles and technical attributes of quantum computing, this paper systematically analyzes its multidimensional impacts on information security, national security, and market order: on one hand, the capability of large number factorization and quantum search algorithms threatens existing encryption systems and data privacy, potentially leading to retrospective privacy breaches and critical facility paralysis; on the other hand, the quantum computing power race and its dual-use nature trigger dual risks of international competition and arms control dysfunction, while also creating potential crises of market monopoly and unbalanced fair competition. In response, a comprehensive governance framework can be constructed from three levels: legislative regulation, regulatory innovation, and international coordination. This includes revising existing security legislation and establishing specialized quantum technology laws to form hierarchical security control benchmarks; combining risk assessment, quantum technology review, and multi-level collaborative regulatory mechanisms to refine market entry, in-process supervision, and emergency response procedures; and advocating unified standards and multilateral cooperation at the international level to prevent quantum hegemony and computing power monopoly. Meanwhile, the development of quantum ethics norms and talent cultivation systems should be promoted to balance technological innovation with social responsibility, thereby laying a solid legal foundation for the healthy and sustainable development of quantum computing while safeguarding national security and public interests.