Abstract: The construction of an efficiently operating innovation ecosystem is an important tool for building a modernized industrial system，and it is also an important support for achieving greater self-reliance and strength in high-level science and technology. However, China's innovation ecosystem has not yet been fully formed, and the phenomenon of “isolation” and “fragmentation” in innovation activities still exists. China urgently needs to improve the system and mechanism of science and technology innovation, optimize the innovation ecosystem, and promote the efficient integration of science and technology and economy. The innovation ecosystem not only includes the network system jointly composed of innovation elements such as innovation subjects, innovation resources and innovation environment, but also covers the innovation operation mechanism that supports the efficient functioning of innovation elements. The paper adopts a vertical single-case study method, based on the analytical idea of “goal-behavior-mechanism-result”, and takes Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute (JITRI), a typical representative of new R&D organizations, as an example to analyze the evolution logic of the innovation ecosystem with JITRI as the core, and explore its evolution process and mechanism from building an internal “micro-ecology” to a regional “macro-ecology”. By analyzing the internal data of JITRI, the survey interview data and the secondary data obtained from public channels, it is found that the evolution of the innovation ecosystem of JITRI is a process from forming an internal “micro-ecology” to expanding the innovation network, and then to building a regional “macro-ecology”. It can be specifically divided into the system initial construction stage focusing on professional research institutes to build an internal "micro-ecology", the system expansion stage of "combining allocation and investment" to support the industrialization of cutting-edge leading technologies, and the system maturity stage focusing on leading enterprises to deepen and expand the external ecology. The innovation behaviors at each stage have continuity and continue to be extended to the next stage for further development. At the same time, through the design of various mechanisms, multiple innovation subjects integrate and utilize innovation resources based on value co-creation, thus promoting the evolution and development of the innovation ecosystem centered on JITRI. The series of innovation practices and the internal mechanism design of the organization in JITRI reflect the characteristics of market-oriented, enterprises as the main body of scientific and technological innovation, and various kinds of leading talents and scientific research institutions at home and abroad as important strategic partners. Based on this, the paper summarizes four important mechanisms to promote the evolution of the innovation ecosystem, which are market-oriented operation and management mechanism, market-oriented fund allocation and use mechanism, benefit-sharing and risk-sharing mechanism based on value co-creation, and globally oriented open cooperation mechanism. By analyzing the evolution logic of the innovation ecosystem centered on JITRI, the paper further draws the following inspirations: (1) Improve the practice-based institutional innovation, and build a mechanism conducive to the evolution of the innovation ecosystem in the “bottom-up” innovation practice. (2) Further improve the relationship between the government and the market, so as to fully integrate the active government and the effective market. (3) Give full play to the advantages of new R&D organizations in integrating innovation resources, and build an innovation ecosystem with new R&D organizations as the core.