Abstract: Future energy is a critical arena for national competition, where the growing energy demands driven by artificial intelligence and the need for energy security compel China to evaluate the evolution and competitive landscape of future energy technologies, optimize strategies to enhance global competitiveness, and ensure energy self-sufficiency. Utilizing the S-curve principle of TRIZ, the study analyzes and compares the technological evolution stages of future industries at the national level, constructing a competitive potential evaluation system that includes the Technology Impact Index, Technology Growth Index, Technology Maturity Index, Technology Attention Index, and Market Attraction Potential Index. The CRITIC-Entropy Weight Method is employed to quantify the competitive potential of future industries, with an empirical validation conducted using 13 technologies in the future energy sector across China, the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Results indicate that the United States leads in high-barrier fields such as controlled nuclear fusion and CCUS, with a maturity lead of 10–69 years over China; Japan and the United Kingdom hold localized advantages in virtual power plants and nuclear fission; China ranks first in competitiveness for six technologies, including deep-sea wind energy and high-efficiency photovoltaic cells, but its overall technological influence and maturity remain relatively low. The gap stems from the first-mover advantages of leading countries, while China demonstrates catch-up potential driven by its market scale and policy support. The study provides a new framework for technological competition analysis and strategic recommendations for enhancing China’s energy technology competitiveness.