Abstract: A historical examination of the institutionalization of modern science reveals deep and sustained interactions, as well as shifting balances of power, between scientific societies and universities. The seventeenth century witnessed the vigorous organizational growth of scientific societies, while traditional universities, mired in the confines of scholasticism, experienced a relative decline in their intellectual authority. In the eighteenth century, scientific societies were gradually institutionalized under state patronage and played a central role in disseminating enlightenment rationality and practical knowledge. Notably, this period also witnessed the nascent research function within universities, exemplified by the University of Halle and the University of G?ttingen, which sought to integrate critical inquiry with teaching and thereby laid the groundwork for the transformation of the university in subsequent generations. The nineteenth century marked a major turning point. On the one hand, scientific societies accelerated the process of specialization amid an unprecedented expansion of knowledge, and disciplinary boundaries became increasingly rigid; on the other hand, the locus of scientific research shifted decisively to the university, which, with its systematic system of personnel training and an increasingly pronounced research orientation, emerged as the primary driving force in the production of scientific knowledge. The impact of societies on universities can be seen in three main areas: disciplinary differentiation within universities, the organizational structure of universities, and university research activities. Scientific societies fostered the early internal structuring of scientific disciplines, thereby establishing the disciplinary framework. The development and differentiation of disciplines laid the groundwork for the lecture system in universities, while the differentiation of knowledge and the institutionalization of disciplines drove the rise of the departmental system. Furthermore, the recognition of new knowledge through journal publications, the reward mechanisms of societies, and the construction of systematically operational academic networks all effectively promoted scientific research in universities.