Abstract: Amid intensifying global technological competition, the implementation of China’s 14th Five-Year Plan, and the comprehensive push for high-quality regional development, provincial laboratories have emerged as key pillars in the nation’s regional strategic science and technology system. These laboratories are rapidly evolving from single-function research entities into integrated “task-force-style” platforms that combine basic research, technological innovation, and results commercialization. However, on the path toward high-level scientific and technological self-reliance, they continue to face structural challenges, including weak theoretical foundations, insufficient cross-sector collaboration, and inadequate policy support. Based on the strategic framework built around three pillars—dynamic mechanism, ecological networks, and institutional safeguards，this study analyzes the drivers, organizational logic, and strategic priorities underpinning the clustered development of provincial laboratories. Drawing on case studies of leading laboratories such as Zhejiang Zhijiang, Guangdong Songshan Lake Materials, Jiangsu Gusu, and Henan Zhongyuan Graphene, the study outlines a pathway for breakthrough through fostering collaborative innovation ecosystems, enabling cross-disciplinary cooperation, implementing flexible operational models, and enhancing targeted policy support. The findings provide a replicable strategic model and practical guidance for advancing the systematic deployment of China’s regional science and technology capacity as part of its broader national innovation agenda.